英文文獻(xiàn)綜述的范文

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英文文獻(xiàn)綜述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文獻(xiàn)綜述(Literautre Review)是科研 論文 中重要的文體之一。它以作者對(duì)各種文獻(xiàn)資料的整理、歸納、分析和比較為基礎(chǔ)，就某個(gè)專(zhuān)題的 歷史 背景、前人的工作、研究現(xiàn)狀、爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)及發(fā)展前景等方面進(jìn)行綜合、總結(jié)和評(píng)論。通過(guò)閱讀文獻(xiàn)綜述，科研工作者可花費(fèi)較少的時(shí)間獲得較多的關(guān)于某一專(zhuān)題系統(tǒng)而具體的信息，了解其研究現(xiàn)狀、存在的問(wèn)題和未來(lái)的發(fā)展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

標(biāo)題與作者(title and author)

摘要與關(guān)鍵詞(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述評(píng)(review)

結(jié)論(conclusion)

參考文獻(xiàn)(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文獻(xiàn)綜述主要部分的細(xì)節(jié)性提示和 注意事項(xiàng)

英文文獻(xiàn)主要部分細(xì)節(jié)提示：

引言(Introduction)

引言是文獻(xiàn)綜述正文的開(kāi)始部分，主要包括兩個(gè)內(nèi)容：一是提出問(wèn)題;二是介紹綜述的范圍

和內(nèi)容。提出問(wèn)題時(shí)，作者要給出定義性解釋、交代研究背景、簡(jiǎn)單介紹不同文獻(xiàn)的看法和

分歧所在并介紹該文獻(xiàn)的寫(xiě)作目的;介紹該綜述的范圍和主要內(nèi)容時(shí)，作者應(yīng)使用簡(jiǎn)明扼要

的語(yǔ)句加以概括。

引言的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)具有以下特點(diǎn)：

(1)綜述的引言通常包括定義性解釋、研究背景、現(xiàn)存問(wèn)題或分歧、綜述的目的、內(nèi)容和

范圍;

(2)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)介紹背景知識(shí)，使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)敘述他人成果，使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)或一

般現(xiàn)在時(shí)簡(jiǎn)介本文內(nèi)容;

(3) 句子 結(jié)構(gòu)力求簡(jiǎn)潔明了，多用簡(jiǎn)單句，并列成份較為常見(jiàn);

(4)以第三人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)為主，間或使用第一人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。

述評(píng)(Review)

述評(píng)是文獻(xiàn)綜述的核心所在，是對(duì)引言的展開(kāi)和深入。根據(jù)引言所提出的問(wèn)題和限定的范圍，

作者要對(duì)大量有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的整理、歸納、對(duì)比和分析，在此基礎(chǔ)上列出與主題有關(guān)的

所有重要學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)，然后分別加以論述，以便讀者獲得全面的了解。回顧前人研究，以時(shí)間

為序，由遠(yuǎn)及近。以有敘有議的方式體現(xiàn)述評(píng)的功能，敘前人研究，議其結(jié)果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析評(píng)論，特別是表達(dá)作者自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，要客觀、謹(jǐn)慎，因此多使用模糊性語(yǔ)言和表推測(cè)

的語(yǔ)言形式。

綜述的結(jié)論(Conclusion)

結(jié)論不僅是作者對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，也是作者發(fā)表個(gè)人 意見(jiàn) 的部分，一般有標(biāo)題Conclusion 或

Summary，較短的綜述如果沒(méi)有小標(biāo)題，則往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

conclude，Inshort，In all 等 短語(yǔ) 引出結(jié)論。結(jié)論的內(nèi)容包括：對(duì)述評(píng)的歸納、對(duì)各種問(wèn)

題的評(píng)論性意見(jiàn)、對(duì)未來(lái)研究的建議或展望。

二.注意事項(xiàng)

⒈搜集文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)盡量全面。掌握全面、大量的文獻(xiàn)資料是寫(xiě)好綜述的前提，否則，隨便搜集一 點(diǎn)資料就動(dòng)手撰寫(xiě)是不可能寫(xiě)出好的文獻(xiàn)綜述，甚至寫(xiě)出的文章根本不成為綜述。

⒉注意引用文獻(xiàn)的代表性、可靠性和科學(xué)性。在搜集到的文獻(xiàn)中可能出現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)雷同，有的 文獻(xiàn)在可靠性及科學(xué)性方面存在著差異，因此在引用文獻(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)注意選用代表性、可靠性和 科學(xué)性較好的文獻(xiàn)。

⒊引用文獻(xiàn)要忠實(shí)文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容。由于文獻(xiàn)綜述有作者自己的評(píng)論分析，因此在撰寫(xiě)時(shí)應(yīng)分清 作者的觀點(diǎn)和文獻(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，不能篡改文獻(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。

⒋參考文獻(xiàn)不能省略。有的科研論文可以將參考文獻(xiàn)省略，但文獻(xiàn)綜述絕對(duì)不能省略，而 且應(yīng)是文中引用過(guò)的，能反映主題全貌的并且是作者直接閱讀過(guò)的文獻(xiàn)資料。

5.文獻(xiàn)綜述不應(yīng)是對(duì)已有文獻(xiàn)的重復(fù)、羅列和一般性介紹，而應(yīng)是對(duì)以往研究的優(yōu)點(diǎn)、不足和貢獻(xiàn)的批判性分析與評(píng)論。因此，文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)包括綜合提煉和分析評(píng)論雙重含義。

6.文獻(xiàn)綜述要文字簡(jiǎn)潔，盡量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的語(yǔ)言把作者的觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)清楚，從原始文獻(xiàn)中得出一般性結(jié)論。

7. 文獻(xiàn)綜述不是資料庫(kù)，要緊緊圍繞課題研究的“問(wèn)題”，確保所述的已有研究成果與本課題研究直接相關(guān)，其內(nèi)容是圍繞課題緊密組織在一起，既能系統(tǒng)全面地反映研究對(duì)象的歷史、現(xiàn)狀和趨勢(shì)，又能反映研究?jī)?nèi)容的各個(gè)方面。

8. 文獻(xiàn)綜述的綜述要全面、準(zhǔn)確、客觀，用于評(píng)論的觀點(diǎn)、論據(jù)最好來(lái)自一次文獻(xiàn)，盡量避免使用別人對(duì)原始文獻(xiàn)的解釋或綜述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210～231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.283

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陳原. 社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué). 北京：商務(wù)印書(shū)館，2000

[11]陳原. 新詞語(yǔ). 北京： 語(yǔ)文 出版社，2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 論流行語(yǔ)語(yǔ)義的不確定性及其發(fā)展前景. 華中 科技 大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，

2004，(6)：160～164

[13]郭 熙，中國(guó)社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué). 南京：南京大學(xué)出版社, 1999.151

[14]韓李. 當(dāng)代漢語(yǔ)流行語(yǔ)探析. 河南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版)，2007,

(3)：181

[15]黃平飛. 淺論流行語(yǔ)——透過(guò)央視春晚來(lái)看流行語(yǔ).科教文匯(下旬刊)，

2009,(3):237

[16]姜紅. 試論 當(dāng)代中國(guó) 的社會(huì)流行語(yǔ). 安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版)，

2005，(11)：108～112

[17]勁松.流行語(yǔ)新探.語(yǔ)文建設(shè),1999,(3):22～26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行語(yǔ)研究述評(píng). 鞍山師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2007-06,9(3)：35～[39]趙麗薇，袁

曉雪. 流行語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用方式及使用規(guī)范探究——以春晚語(yǔ)言類(lèi)節(jié)目

為例. 調(diào)查與研究,2010,(8): 15～16

References

李麗君. 英語(yǔ) 學(xué)術(shù)論文 及 留學(xué) 文書(shū)寫(xiě)作[M]. 北京： 清華大學(xué)出版社， 2002. 田貴森, 段曉英.英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè) 畢業(yè) 論文寫(xiě)作 教程[M]. 北京： 北京理工大學(xué)出版社.

2006.

劉振聰. 英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作[M]. 北京： 中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社. 2009

求一篇英語(yǔ)關(guān)于divorce的literature?review，十分感謝！

literature

review

重點(diǎn)在于大量閱讀，而且要講你所閱讀過(guò)的所有作者的觀點(diǎn)在文中加以匯總和總結(jié)。文章可以參考如下的結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.intro--開(kāi)頭陳述你這篇文章所要研究的課題與目的；

2.body--分3～4段：多數(shù)人的觀點(diǎn)；某些少數(shù)具有爭(zhēng)議的觀點(diǎn)；你自己的觀點(diǎn)和總結(jié)。

3.conclusion--結(jié)尾總結(jié)。

我們是這樣要求的，不過(guò)每個(gè)學(xué)校的要求會(huì)不一樣，但是我想老師應(yīng)該會(huì)發(fā)資料做講解啊，這個(gè)不是很難的，我寫(xiě)過(guò)2次了～～主要是大量查閱資料，總結(jié)別人的觀點(diǎn)，特別是做reference，我覺(jué)得就是抄嘛，直接引用間接引用，用著用著一篇文章就對(duì)付完了～～呵呵，我都是這么混過(guò)來(lái)的。。。

你也加油?。?！

怎么寫(xiě)Literature Review

Literature Review（文獻(xiàn)綜述）簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)綜述，是對(duì)某一領(lǐng)域，某一專(zhuān)業(yè)或某一方面的課題，問(wèn)題或研究專(zhuān)題搜集大量相關(guān)資料，通過(guò)分析，閱讀，整理，提煉當(dāng)前課題，問(wèn)題或研究專(zhuān)題的最新進(jìn)展，學(xué)術(shù)見(jiàn)解或建議，做出綜合性介紹和闡述的一種學(xué)術(shù)論文。

總的來(lái)說(shuō)，一般都包含以下四部分：摘要、引言、主體和參考文獻(xiàn)。這是因?yàn)檠芯啃缘恼撐淖⒅匮芯康姆椒?、結(jié)果、動(dòng)態(tài)和進(jìn)展。

有以下技巧可供寫(xiě)作時(shí)參考：

技巧一：瞄準(zhǔn)主流。主流文獻(xiàn)，如該領(lǐng)域的核心期刊、經(jīng)典著作、專(zhuān)職部門(mén)的研究報(bào)告、重要化合物的觀點(diǎn)和論述等，是做文獻(xiàn)綜述的“必修課”。而多數(shù) 大眾媒體上的相關(guān)報(bào)道或言論，雖然多少有點(diǎn)價(jià)值，但時(shí)間精力所限，可以從簡(jiǎn)。怎樣摸清該領(lǐng)域的主流呢？

建議從以下幾條途徑入手：一是圖書(shū)館的中外學(xué)術(shù)期 刊，找到一兩篇“經(jīng)典”的文章后“順藤摸瓜”，留意它們的參考文獻(xiàn)。質(zhì)量較高的學(xué)術(shù)文章，通常是不會(huì)忽略該領(lǐng)域的主流、經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)的。

二是利用學(xué)校圖書(shū)館的 “期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索”，能夠查到一些較為早期的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)。

三是國(guó)家圖書(shū)館，有些上世紀(jì)七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科圖書(shū)，學(xué)校圖書(shū)館往往沒(méi)有收藏，但是國(guó)圖 卻是一本不少。

技巧二：隨時(shí)整理，如對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分類(lèi)，記錄文獻(xiàn)信息和藏書(shū)地點(diǎn)。做論文的時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)，有的文獻(xiàn)看過(guò)了當(dāng)時(shí)不一定有用，事后想起來(lái)卻找不著了，所以有 時(shí)記錄是很有必要的。同時(shí)，對(duì)于特別重要的文獻(xiàn)，不妨做一個(gè)讀書(shū)筆記，摘錄其中的重要觀點(diǎn)和論述。這樣一步一個(gè)腳印，到真正開(kāi)始寫(xiě)論文時(shí)就積累了大量“干 貨”，可以隨時(shí)享用。

技巧三：要按照問(wèn)題來(lái)組織文獻(xiàn)綜述。看過(guò)一些文獻(xiàn)以后，我們有很強(qiáng)烈的愿望要把自己看到的東西都陳述出來(lái)，像“竹筒倒豆子”一樣，洋洋灑灑，蔚為 壯觀。仿佛一定要向讀者證明自己勞苦功高。我寫(xiě)過(guò)十多萬(wàn)字的文獻(xiàn)綜述，后來(lái)發(fā)覺(jué)真正有意義的不過(guò)數(shù)千字。

擴(kuò)展資料：

文獻(xiàn)綜述是在確定了選題后，在對(duì)選題所涉及的研究領(lǐng)域的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行廣泛閱讀和理解的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)該研究領(lǐng)域的研究現(xiàn)狀（包括主要學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)、前人研究成果和研究水平、爭(zhēng)論焦點(diǎn)、存在的問(wèn)題及可能的原因等）、新水平、新動(dòng)態(tài)、新技術(shù)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)、發(fā)展前景等內(nèi)容進(jìn)行綜合分析、歸納整理和評(píng)論，并提出自己的見(jiàn)解和研究思路而寫(xiě)成的一種不同于畢業(yè)論文的文體。它要求作者既要對(duì)所查閱資料的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行綜合整理、陳述，還要根據(jù)自己的理解和認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)綜合整理后的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行比較專(zhuān)門(mén)的、全面的、深入的、系統(tǒng)的論述和相應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)，而不僅僅是相關(guān)領(lǐng)域?qū)W術(shù)研究的“堆砌”。

文獻(xiàn)綜述是研究者在其提前閱讀過(guò)某一主題的文獻(xiàn)后，經(jīng)過(guò)理解、整理、融會(huì)貫通，綜合分析和評(píng)價(jià)而組成的一種不同于研究論文的文體。

檢索和閱讀文獻(xiàn)是撰寫(xiě)綜述的重要前提工作。一篇綜述的質(zhì)量如何，很大程度上取決于作者對(duì)本題相關(guān)的最新文獻(xiàn)的掌握程度。如果沒(méi)有做好文獻(xiàn)檢索和閱讀工作，就去撰寫(xiě)綜述，是絕不會(huì)寫(xiě)出高水平的綜述的。

好的文獻(xiàn)綜述，不但可以為下一步的學(xué)位論文寫(xiě)作奠定一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)和提供某種延伸的契機(jī)，而且能表明寫(xiě)本綜述的作者對(duì)既有研究文獻(xiàn)的歸納分析和梳理整合的綜合能力，從而有助于提高對(duì)學(xué)位論文水平的總體評(píng)價(jià)。

在《怎樣做文獻(xiàn)綜述——六步走向成功》中，勞倫斯·馬奇和布倫達(dá)·麥克伊沃提出了文獻(xiàn)綜述的六步模型，將文獻(xiàn)綜述的過(guò)程分為六步：選擇主題、文獻(xiàn)搜索、展開(kāi)論證、文獻(xiàn)研究、文獻(xiàn)批評(píng)和綜述撰寫(xiě)。

文獻(xiàn)綜述根據(jù)研究的目的不同，可分為基本文獻(xiàn)綜述和高級(jí)文獻(xiàn)綜述兩種?；疚墨I(xiàn)綜述是對(duì)有關(guān)研究課題的現(xiàn)有知識(shí)進(jìn)行總結(jié)和評(píng)價(jià)，以陳述現(xiàn)有知識(shí)的狀況；高級(jí)文獻(xiàn)綜述則是在選擇研究興趣和主題之后，對(duì)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行回顧，確立研究論題，再提出進(jìn)一步的研究，從而建立一個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目。

參考資料：百度百科-文獻(xiàn)綜述

請(qǐng)問(wèn)一下literature review怎么寫(xiě)？最好有例子和格式.

Literature Review寫(xiě)法：看了文獻(xiàn)中作者相關(guān)理論之后，總結(jié)作者的觀點(diǎn)在提出自己的看法，要求舉例支撐觀點(diǎn)的要舉例 。具體寫(xiě)法可以參照以下格式

To better understand the characters of transformational and transactional leadership. Levinthal March (2001) illustrates the fact that transactional and transformational leadership is intrinsically a collaboration and decision making orientation which emphasizes the development and empowerment of expertise ,the understanding of reform together with encouraging employees to carry out reforms. Bass Avolio (2001) examines that leader set up objectives and orientations as well as spurring employees by clarifying roles and work requirements. They also present transactional leaders' charisma or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, stimulation and individualized consideration, which traits could get employees to exert them to working to the largest extent in order to achieve group goals. Schriesheim (2002) shows how each reward system is made use of in an organization so as to achieve leaders' vision. Pillai, et al (2003) expound that transactional and transformational leadership is based on the notion that leaders give employees rewards or punishments according to their performance in the course of transaction. Boisot (2003) points out, under transactional and transformational leadership, that leaders can create with employees a professional atmosphere and attitude. Through the development of the profession, decision sharing, and the promotion of self-value, they can co-create an environment where respect, acceptance, kindness, support for growth and learning are appreciated.

literature review英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作

Information not only on temperature and humidity and everyday life are closely related, and precision farming, food processing, pharmaceutical, power, aviation and so is also very important. Traditionally rely on artificial control of temperature, humidity is unable to meet the daily life and industrial, agricultural needs. Particularly in agriculture, room temperature and humidity control, temperature and humidity is an important parameter. Temperature acquisition system development in the large sense improves life needs, facilitates the production of temperature control, and effectively improve the quality of production. This article focuses on the cultivation of roses and humidity conditions required for the remote wireless temperature and humidity measuring system – the research and design, in the greenhouse cultivation of nature within the simulation environment, providing the optimum plant growth and development of the condition, or you can modify the parameters, thereby improving yield to other plants or other similar environmental workplace needs. This system is based on the microcontroller and the temperature and humidity sensor-based measurement system to host new PC management system and the PC is connected to the serial port circuit, and the temperature and humidity control part. host PC management system is to provide a Visual software interface, PLC data transfer to PC, after processing, in the host PC management system shows that the host PC management system interface also shows some basic information, such as the communications port information, the software interface also provides temperature and humidity control button, the operator can use these buttons to control the size of the temperature and humidity in order to meet the needs of production. In the PC is preparation by Delphi software, the communication part to the controls, and Delphi SPComm together makes your code more concise, written in Delphi software has the features of the interface is simple, code execution efficiency higher characteristic. To complete PC and communicate with each other, must be level conversion. So the system uses MAXIM MAX232 chip produced by the company to complete the level conversion. Control circuit in optocoupler TLP521 and power-driven core ULN2803AG and relay designed output control circuit. The circuit stable operation, on-chip main circuit without interference.

Literature Review怎么寫(xiě)

literature review

英[?lit?rit?? ri?vju:]美[?l?t?r??t??r r??vju]

詞典

文獻(xiàn)評(píng)論

網(wǎng)絡(luò)

文獻(xiàn)檢索;?綜述;?文獻(xiàn)研究

1

Early Mental Crisis Intervention to Post-disaster in Wen Chuan Earthquake: Literature Review and Evaluation

汶川震后心理危機(jī)的早期干預(yù)：文獻(xiàn)綜述與評(píng)價(jià)

2

A literature review of any of the frameworks or issues discussed in the course.

根據(jù)課堂中討論過(guò)的任一理論框架及課題所做的文字評(píng)論；

3

By means of literature review and logical analysis, the current research status of P.

采用文獻(xiàn)法、邏輯分析法等研究方法，對(duì)體育課程資源的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述和討論。