Literature Review怎么寫

首先需要將“文獻綜述（Literature Review）”與“背景描述（Backupground Description）”區(qū)分開來。我們在選擇研究問題的時候，需要了解該問題產(chǎn)生的背景和來龍去脈，如“中國半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展歷程”、“國外政府發(fā)展 半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的政策和問題”等等，這些內(nèi)容屬于“背景描述”，關(guān)注的是現(xiàn)實層面問題，嚴格講不是“文獻綜述”?！拔墨I綜述”是對學術(shù)觀點和理論方法的整理。

其次，文獻綜述是評論性的（Review就是“評論”的意思），因此要帶著作者本人批判的眼光（critical thinking）來歸納和評論文獻，而不僅僅是相關(guān)領(lǐng)域?qū)W術(shù)研究的“堆砌”。評論的主線，要按照問題展開，也就是說，別的學者是如何看待和解決你提出的 問題的，他們的方法和理論是否有什么缺陷？要是別的學者已經(jīng)很完美地解決了你提出的問題，那就沒有重復(fù)研究的必要了。清楚了文獻綜述的意涵，現(xiàn)來說說怎么 做文獻綜述。雖說，盡可能廣泛地收集資料是負責任的研究態(tài)度，但如果缺乏標準，就極易將人引入文獻的泥沼。

技巧一：瞄準主流。主流文獻，如該領(lǐng)域的核心期刊、經(jīng)典著作、專職部門的研究報告、重要化合物的觀點和論述等，是做文獻綜述的“必修課”。而多數(shù) 大眾媒體上的相關(guān)報道或言論，雖然多少有點價值，但時間精力所限，可以從簡。怎樣摸清該領(lǐng)域的主流呢？建議從以下幾條途徑入手：一是圖書館的中外學術(shù)期 刊，找到一兩篇“經(jīng)典”的文章后“順藤摸瓜”，留意它們的參考文獻。質(zhì)量較高的學術(shù)文章，通常是不會忽略該領(lǐng)域的主流、經(jīng)典文獻的。二是利用學校圖書館的 “期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索”，能夠查到一些較為早期的經(jīng)典文獻。三是國家圖書館，有些上世紀七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科圖書，學校圖書館往往沒有收藏，但是國圖 卻是一本不少。

技巧二：隨時整理，如對文獻進行分類，記錄文獻信息和藏書地點。做論文的時間很長，有的文獻看過了當時不一定有用，事后想起來卻找不著了，所以有 時記錄是很有必要的。同時，對于特別重要的文獻，不妨做一個讀書筆記，摘錄其中的重要觀點和論述。這樣一步一個腳印，到真正開始寫論文時就積累了大量“干 貨”，可以隨時享用。

技巧三：要按照問題來組織文獻綜述?？催^一些文獻以后，我們有很強烈的愿望要把自己看到的東西都陳述出來，像“竹筒倒豆子”一樣，洋洋灑灑，蔚為 壯觀。仿佛一定要向讀者證明自己勞苦功高。我寫過十多萬字的文獻綜述，后來發(fā)覺真正有意義的不過數(shù)千字。文獻綜述就像是在文獻的叢林中開辟道路，這條道路 本來就是要指向我們所要解決的問題，當然是直線距離最短、最省事，但是一路上風景頗多，迷戀風景的人便往往繞行于迤邐的叢林中，反面“亂花漸欲迷人眼”， “曲徑通幽”不知所終了。因此，在做文獻綜述時，頭腦時刻要清醒：我要解決什么問題，人家是怎么解決問題的，說的有沒有道理，就行了。

范文百度文庫有很多，你可以去看看

英文文獻綜述標準范文

下面是我為大家整理的一些關(guān)于“英文文獻綜述標準 范文 ”的資料，供大家參閱。

英文文獻綜述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文獻綜述(Literautre Review)是科研 論文 中重要的文體之一。它以作者對各種文獻資料的整理、歸納、分析和比較為基礎(chǔ)，就某個專題的 歷史 背景、前人的工作、研究現(xiàn)狀、爭論的焦點及發(fā)展前景等方面進行綜合、總結(jié)和評論。通過閱讀文獻綜述，科研工作者可花費較少的時間獲得較多的關(guān)于某一專題系統(tǒng)而具體的信息，了解其研究現(xiàn)狀、存在的問題和未來的發(fā)展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

標題與作者(title and author)

摘要與關(guān)鍵詞(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述評(review)

結(jié)論(conclusion)

參考文獻(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文獻綜述主要部分的細節(jié)性提示和 注意事項

主要部分細節(jié)提示：

引言(Introduction)

引言是文獻綜述正文的開始部分，主要包括兩個內(nèi)容：一是提出問題;二是介紹綜述的范圍

和內(nèi)容。提出問題時，作者要給出定義性解釋、交代研究背景、簡單介紹不同文獻的看法和

分歧所在并介紹該文獻的寫作目的;介紹該綜述的范圍和主要內(nèi)容時，作者應(yīng)使用簡明扼要

的語句加以概括。

引言的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)具有以下特點：

(1)綜述的引言通常包括定義性解釋、研究背景、現(xiàn)存問題或分歧、綜述的目的、內(nèi)容和

范圍;

(2)使用一般現(xiàn)在時介紹背景知識，使用現(xiàn)在完成時敘述他人成果，使用一般將來時或一

般現(xiàn)在時簡介本文內(nèi)容;

(3) 句子 結(jié)構(gòu)力求簡潔明了，多用簡單句，并列成份較為常見;

(4)以第三人稱主語為主，間或使用第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)充當主語。

述評(Review)

述評是文獻綜述的核心所在，是對引言的展開和深入。根據(jù)引言所提出的問題和限定的范圍，

作者要對大量有關(guān)文獻進行系統(tǒng)的整理、歸納、對比和分析，在此基礎(chǔ)上列出與主題有關(guān)的

所有重要學術(shù)觀點，然后分別加以論述，以便讀者獲得全面的了解?；仡櫱叭搜芯?，以時間

為序，由遠及近。以有敘有議的方式體現(xiàn)述評的功能，敘前人研究，議其結(jié)果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析評論，特別是表達作者自己的觀點時，要客觀、謹慎，因此多使用模糊性語言和表推測

的語言形式。

綜述的結(jié)論(Conclusion)

結(jié)論不僅是作者對全文的總結(jié)，也是作者發(fā)表個人 意見 的部分，一般有標題Conclusion 或

Summary，較短的綜述如果沒有小標題，則往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

conclude，Inshort，In all 等 短語 引出結(jié)論。結(jié)論的內(nèi)容包括：對述評的歸納、對各種問

題的評論性意見、對未來研究的建議或展望。

二.注意事項

⒈搜集文獻應(yīng)盡量全面。掌握全面、大量的文獻資料是寫好綜述的前提，否則，隨便搜集一 點資料就動手撰寫是不可能寫出好的文獻綜述，甚至寫出的文章根本不成為綜述。

⒉注意引用文獻的代表性、可靠性和科學性。在搜集到的文獻中可能出現(xiàn)觀點雷同，有的 文獻在可靠性及科學性方面存在著差異，因此在引用文獻時應(yīng)注意選用代表性、可靠性和 科學性較好的文獻。

⒊引用文獻要忠實文獻內(nèi)容。由于文獻綜述有作者自己的評論分析，因此在撰寫時應(yīng)分清 作者的觀點和文獻的內(nèi)容，不能篡改文獻的內(nèi)容。

⒋參考文獻不能省略。有的科研論文可以將參考文獻省略，但文獻綜述絕對不能省略，而 且應(yīng)是文中引用過的，能反映主題全貌的并且是作者直接閱讀過的文獻資料。

5.文獻綜述不應(yīng)是對已有文獻的重復(fù)、羅列和一般性介紹，而應(yīng)是對以往研究的優(yōu)點、不足和貢獻的批判性分析與評論。因此，文獻綜述應(yīng)包括綜合提煉和分析評論雙重含義。

6.文獻綜述要文字簡潔，盡量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的語言把作者的觀點說清楚，從原始文獻中得出一般性結(jié)論。

7. 文獻綜述不是資料庫，要緊緊圍繞課題研究的“問題”，確保所述的已有研究成果與本課題研究直接相關(guān)，其內(nèi)容是圍繞課題緊密組織在一起，既能系統(tǒng)全面地反映研究對象的歷史、現(xiàn)狀和趨勢，又能反映研究內(nèi)容的各個方面。

8. 文獻綜述的綜述要全面、準確、客觀，用于評論的觀點、論據(jù)最好來自一次文獻，盡量避免使用別人對原始文獻的解釋或綜述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210～231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.283

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陳原. 社會語言學. 北京：商務(wù)印書館，2000

[11]陳原. 新詞語. 北京： 語文 出版社，2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 論流行語語義的不確定性及其發(fā)展前景. 華中 科技 大學學報，

2004，(6)：160～164

[13]郭 熙，中國社會語言學. 南京：南京大學出版社, 1999.151

[14]韓李. 當代漢語流行語探析. 河南師范大學學報(哲學社會科學版)，2007,

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[15]黃平飛. 淺論流行語——透過央視春晚來看流行語.科教文匯(下旬刊)，

2009,(3):237

[16]姜紅. 試論 當代中國 的社會流行語. 安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學學報(社會科學版)，

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[17]勁松.流行語新探.語文建設(shè),1999,(3):22～26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行語研究述評. 鞍山師范學院學報，2007-06,9(3)：35～[39]趙麗薇，袁

曉雪. 流行語的運用方式及使用規(guī)范探究——以春晚語言類節(jié)目

為例. 調(diào)查與研究,2010,(8): 15～16

References

李麗君. 英語 學術(shù)論文 及 留學 文書寫作[M]. 北京： 清華大學出版社， 2002. 田貴森, 段曉英.英語專業(yè) 畢業(yè) 論文寫作 教程[M]. 北京： 北京理工大學出版社.

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literature review英語寫作

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