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    英文literaturereview經(jīng)典模板,literaturereview怎么寫

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    怎樣寫Literature Review

    估計(jì)很多剛到外國(guó)讀書的同學(xué)和我有一樣的體會(huì):第一次接觸literature review,根本無(wú)從下筆。今日看到一篇帖子寫的很好,故轉(zhuǎn)給各位看看,希望有所幫助。

    首先需要將“文獻(xiàn)綜述(Literature Review)”與“背景描述(Backupground Description)”區(qū)分開來(lái)。我們?cè)谶x擇研究問題的時(shí)候,需要了解該問題產(chǎn)生的背景和來(lái)龍去脈,如“中國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展歷程”、“國(guó)外政府發(fā)展 半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的政策和問題”等等,這些內(nèi)容屬于“背景描述”,關(guān)注的是現(xiàn)實(shí)層面問題,嚴(yán)格講不是“文獻(xiàn)綜述”?!拔墨I(xiàn)綜述”是對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)和理論方法的整理。

    其次,文獻(xiàn)綜述是評(píng)論性的(Review就是“評(píng)論”的意思),因此要帶著作者本人批判的眼光(critical thinking)來(lái)歸納和評(píng)論文獻(xiàn),而不僅僅是相關(guān)領(lǐng)域?qū)W術(shù)研究的“堆砌”。評(píng)論的主線,要按照問題展開,也就是說,別的學(xué)者是如何看待和解決你提出的 問題的,他們的方法和理論是否有什么缺陷?要是別的學(xué)者已經(jīng)很完美地解決了你提出的問題,那就沒有重復(fù)研究的必要了。清楚了文獻(xiàn)綜述的意涵,現(xiàn)來(lái)說說怎么 做文獻(xiàn)綜述。雖說,盡可能廣泛地收集資料是負(fù)責(zé)任的研究態(tài)度,但如果缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn),就極易將人引入文獻(xiàn)的泥沼。

    技巧一:瞄準(zhǔn)主流。主流文獻(xiàn),如該領(lǐng)域的核心期刊、經(jīng)典著作、專職部門的研究報(bào)告、重要化合物的觀點(diǎn)和論述等,是做文獻(xiàn)綜述的“必修課”。而多數(shù) 大眾媒體上的相關(guān)報(bào)道或言論,雖然多少有點(diǎn)價(jià)值,但時(shí)間精力所限,可以從簡(jiǎn)。怎樣摸清該領(lǐng)域的主流呢?建議從以下幾條途徑入手:一是圖書館的中外學(xué)術(shù)期 刊,找到一兩篇“經(jīng)典”的文章后“順藤摸瓜”,留意它們的參考文獻(xiàn)。質(zhì)量較高的學(xué)術(shù)文章,通常是不會(huì)忽略該領(lǐng)域的主流、經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)的。二是利用學(xué)校圖書館的 “期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索”,能夠查到一些較為早期的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)。三是國(guó)家圖書館,有些上世紀(jì)七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科圖書,學(xué)校圖書館往往沒有收藏,但是國(guó)圖 卻是一本不少。

    技巧二:隨時(shí)整理,如對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分類,記錄文獻(xiàn)信息和藏書地點(diǎn)。做論文的時(shí)間很長(zhǎng),有的文獻(xiàn)看過了當(dāng)時(shí)不一定有用,事后想起來(lái)卻找不著了,所以有 時(shí)記錄是很有必要的。同時(shí),對(duì)于特別重要的文獻(xiàn),不妨做一個(gè)讀書筆記,摘錄其中的重要觀點(diǎn)和論述。這樣一步一個(gè)腳印,到真正開始寫論文時(shí)就積累了大量“干 貨”,可以隨時(shí)享用。

    技巧三:要按照問題來(lái)組織文獻(xiàn)綜述??催^一些文獻(xiàn)以后,我們有很強(qiáng)烈的愿望要把自己看到的東西都陳述出來(lái),像“竹筒倒豆子”一樣,洋洋灑灑,蔚為 壯觀。仿佛一定要向讀者證明自己勞苦功高。我寫過十多萬(wàn)字的文獻(xiàn)綜述,后來(lái)發(fā)覺真正有意義的不過數(shù)千字。文獻(xiàn)綜述就像是在文獻(xiàn)的叢林中開辟道路,這條道路 本來(lái)就是要指向我們所要解決的問題,當(dāng)然是直線距離最短、最省事,但是一路上風(fēng)景頗多,迷戀風(fēng)景的人便往往繞行于迤邐的叢林中,反面“亂花漸欲迷人眼”, “曲徑通幽”不知所終了。因此,在做文獻(xiàn)綜述時(shí),頭腦時(shí)刻要清醒:我要解決什么問題,人家是怎么解決問題的,說的有沒有道理,就行了。

    A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Occasionally you will be asked to write one as a separate assignment (sometimes in the form of an annotated bibliography--see the bottom of the next page), but more often it is part of the introduction to an essay, research report, or thesis. In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.

    Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas:

    information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books

    critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.

    A literature review must do these things:

    be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing

    synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known

    identify areas of controversy in the literature

    formulate questions that need further research

    1. Introduction

    Not to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.

    2. Components

    Similar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:

    Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?

    Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored

    Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic

    Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

    Literature reviews should comprise the following elements:

    An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review

    Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)

    Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others

    Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research

    In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:

    Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?

    Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?

    Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?

    Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?

    3. Definition and Use/Purpose

    A literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:

    Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review

    Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration

    Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research

    Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies

    Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort

    Point the way forward for further research

    Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literature

    Literature Review是什么?該怎么寫?

    Literature?Review是文獻(xiàn)綜述

    一、為何要寫文獻(xiàn)綜述?

    大學(xué)階段,老師會(huì)要求你寫文獻(xiàn)綜述以表明你對(duì)一個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域某個(gè)話題的理解程度。因此撰寫的時(shí)候應(yīng)當(dāng)注重對(duì)文獻(xiàn)信息的整合和分析,并在文字中體現(xiàn)如下的一些要點(diǎn):

    1、針對(duì)所選話題,描述已有文獻(xiàn)都做出了什么樣的成果

    2、對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵的概念和理論進(jìn)行概述和梳理

    3、辨別各篇文獻(xiàn)之間的聯(lián)系和采用的研究方法

    4、找出已有研究的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)

    5、找出已有研究的空缺點(diǎn)

    6、找出已有研究的矛盾點(diǎn)或爭(zhēng)議點(diǎn)

    7、為你的論文提供一個(gè)可靠的研究背景和扎實(shí)的研究基礎(chǔ)

    二、具體如何去寫文獻(xiàn)綜述呢?

    1、確定研究目的

    2、撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述的過程中要明確解決什么問題。針對(duì)自己的論文,你需要通過文獻(xiàn)綜述做些什么解釋?你希望通過梳理文獻(xiàn)去發(fā)現(xiàn)些什么?當(dāng)然,你也需要時(shí)常查閱你的作業(yè)要求和評(píng)分細(xì)則以幫助自己更快更準(zhǔn)確地找到任務(wù)的重點(diǎn)。

    3、廣泛閱讀文獻(xiàn)。對(duì)于已有選題的情況下,你需要根據(jù)選題,閱讀相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的文獻(xiàn),了解研究的歷史脈絡(luò),發(fā)展進(jìn)程,已有的研究方法,研究過程,得出的結(jié)論等;對(duì)于沒有確定選題的情況,你首先需要盡可能小地確定一個(gè)角度,閱讀相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),明確一個(gè)選題。

    4、應(yīng)該參考什么樣的文獻(xiàn)。你不能盲目地參考網(wǎng)絡(luò)上發(fā)布的所有文章,而是應(yīng)該首先選擇合適的文章來(lái)源:比如一些學(xué)術(shù)性的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)或?qū)W者的個(gè)人主頁(yè)等,這些資源最好是與你的研究領(lǐng)域高度相關(guān)的、流行的和有權(quán)威性的。這些來(lái)源可以是:書籍、期刊論文、報(bào)告、政府文件、會(huì)議材料、網(wǎng)站等。通常來(lái)說,圖書館是最好的查找參考文獻(xiàn)的地方。

    5、應(yīng)該參考文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量。文獻(xiàn)綜述中需要涉及的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量取決于你文獻(xiàn)綜述所針對(duì)的問題以及你所做的研究工作的深度。對(duì)于本科一年級(jí)的同學(xué)來(lái)說可能需要至少5篇,而隨著學(xué)業(yè)階段的上升文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量有所增加,如果要形成一派理論,需要至少50篇。通常你的老師會(huì)對(duì)數(shù)量做具體的要求。

    6、記錄下參考文獻(xiàn)的目錄信息。對(duì)于你所使用的文獻(xiàn)來(lái)源或是具體的文獻(xiàn),你應(yīng)該在一開始就養(yǎng)成記錄下目錄信息的習(xí)慣,這些目錄信息包括:數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的名字、鏈接、文獻(xiàn)的題目、作者、頁(yè)碼、出版商等,你的學(xué)業(yè)生涯長(zhǎng)達(dá)幾年或更多,你的學(xué)業(yè)任務(wù)也不止一次兩次,因此這些記錄從長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看將為你節(jié)約下可觀的時(shí)間和精力。

    7、如何閱讀每一篇文獻(xiàn)。帶著批判性的眼光去閱讀每一篇文獻(xiàn),重點(diǎn)關(guān)注文獻(xiàn)中涉及的爭(zhēng)論而不僅僅是一些事實(shí)性的描述。從閱讀第一篇開始,就應(yīng)該做好筆記,并且構(gòu)思你的綜述內(nèi)容和觀點(diǎn)。最好使用圖表、矩陣或概念地圖去歸納比較各篇文獻(xiàn)之間的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系。

    8、如何分析你所閱讀的文獻(xiàn)。為了使你的論文體現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)有力的批評(píng)性分析,你應(yīng)該去評(píng)估你所參考的文獻(xiàn)及文獻(xiàn)來(lái)源,在你評(píng)估每一篇文獻(xiàn)時(shí),你應(yīng)該思考一些問題:針對(duì)選題主流的說法和概念都有哪些,文獻(xiàn)與你所要做的論文或研究的相關(guān)度,各文獻(xiàn)之間主要的聯(lián)系、學(xué)術(shù)趨勢(shì)和手段都有什么,文獻(xiàn)中作者是如何提出爭(zhēng)議和解決爭(zhēng)議的,這篇文獻(xiàn)的權(quán)威性和可靠性如何,各篇文獻(xiàn)之間的相同點(diǎn)和差異點(diǎn),已有的研究還存在哪些空白需要探索等

    三、文獻(xiàn)綜述每一部分的結(jié)構(gòu)。首先你應(yīng)該提出你的論點(diǎn)句,這非常關(guān)鍵,這些論點(diǎn)陳述將告訴閱讀者你想研究的具體問題以及你將探討的相關(guān)爭(zhēng)論。雖然可能只是論文一些段落、章節(jié),但也需要有相應(yīng)的引言、主體和結(jié)論部分。

    1、引言。這部分應(yīng)該提供一個(gè)大綱性的內(nèi)容,它包括:為什么寫這篇綜述和為什么你的研究有重要意義,研究范圍有哪些和哪些研究視角會(huì)被討論,哪些重要的引用會(huì)被應(yīng)用到(如文獻(xiàn)庫(kù)類型、數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)間區(qū)間等),以及綜述內(nèi)容的邏輯框架是什么。

    2、主體。每一個(gè)主體段應(yīng)該討論一個(gè)不同的但與你選題相關(guān)的主題。你的每一段應(yīng)該概述你所參考的文獻(xiàn),而且應(yīng)該清晰地寫明各篇文獻(xiàn)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性。同時(shí)你還應(yīng)該進(jìn)行辯證地分析各參考文獻(xiàn)對(duì)你的選題的研究作出的貢獻(xiàn)。

    3、主體段的內(nèi)容可以包括:研究選題的歷史背景,相關(guān)研究所采用的研究方法和手段,概述前人對(duì)你這個(gè)選題所進(jìn)行過的探索,主流觀點(diǎn)與其他觀點(diǎn)的對(duì)比,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)提出的關(guān)鍵性問題,相關(guān)研究得出的一般性的結(jié)論

    4、結(jié)論。結(jié)論部分應(yīng)該根據(jù)以上部分的內(nèi)容,概述幾點(diǎn):已有文獻(xiàn)所認(rèn)同的和不認(rèn)同的觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論;當(dāng)前對(duì)你選題所研究的問題中還存在什么研究上的空缺點(diǎn)以及還需要進(jìn)一步研究的地方;你自己在這個(gè)選題中所要進(jìn)行的研究視角。

    請(qǐng)問一下literature review怎么寫?最好有例子和格式.

    Literature Review寫法:看了文獻(xiàn)中作者相關(guān)理論之后,總結(jié)作者的觀點(diǎn)在提出自己的看法,要求舉例支撐觀點(diǎn)的要舉例 。具體寫法可以參照以下格式

    To better understand the characters of transformational and transactional leadership. Levinthal March (2001) illustrates the fact that transactional and transformational leadership is intrinsically a collaboration and decision making orientation which emphasizes the development and empowerment of expertise ,the understanding of reform together with encouraging employees to carry out reforms. Bass Avolio (2001) examines that leader set up objectives and orientations as well as spurring employees by clarifying roles and work requirements. They also present transactional leaders' charisma or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, stimulation and individualized consideration, which traits could get employees to exert them to working to the largest extent in order to achieve group goals. Schriesheim (2002) shows how each reward system is made use of in an organization so as to achieve leaders' vision. Pillai, et al (2003) expound that transactional and transformational leadership is based on the notion that leaders give employees rewards or punishments according to their performance in the course of transaction. Boisot (2003) points out, under transactional and transformational leadership, that leaders can create with employees a professional atmosphere and attitude. Through the development of the profession, decision sharing, and the promotion of self-value, they can co-create an environment where respect, acceptance, kindness, support for growth and learning are appreciated.

    怎么寫literature review? 格式 和內(nèi)容

    既然都說是literature

    review了,肯定是之前有給過文獻(xiàn)讓讀吧。

    INTRO不用人教了吧。BODY段有N個(gè)論點(diǎn)就寫N+1段。BODY

    PARA

    1引入所有文獻(xiàn),然后寫一下KEY

    THEORY。然后之后的每個(gè)PARA都寫一個(gè)論點(diǎn),如果給了超過一篇的文章就交替比較,比如,XXX說了什么whereas

    YYY說了什么。注意,因?yàn)槭莚eview,所以reporting

    verb前面要加具有導(dǎo)向意義的副詞,比如rightfully什么的,來(lái)表示你支持他的觀點(diǎn)與否。每段結(jié)尾的時(shí)候簡(jiǎn)單寫幾句evaluation。結(jié)尾的時(shí)候以轉(zhuǎn)折性的語(yǔ)句討論一下,“雖然XXX和YYY都說了什么,并且很有價(jià)值”等等的P話都寫上。然后寫他們都遺漏的地方,然后寫你的看法。

    反正其實(shí)格式就是這么檔子事,真正寫的時(shí)候你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)難住你的不是格式,而是沒好好看書,沒有理解文獻(xiàn)里的意思,哪怕是抄都不知道上哪段抄去。

    Literature?Review?怎么寫

    簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說就是用自己的話,把前人相關(guān)研究的觀點(diǎn),結(jié)論等paraphrase一下.

    所以,

    1.你首先要確定好自己的研究方向

    2.然后,找出這個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域相關(guān)的研究資料,最好是權(quán)威人士的文章,論文等.閱讀資料,摘選經(jīng)典的,突出的,有利于你展開論文的論點(diǎn),寫下來(lái),同一論點(diǎn)的歸一類,并記錄出處(以便以后寫bibliography)

    3.接下來(lái)就是paraphrase別人的話了,記住,這不是抄襲,因?yàn)檫@些是我們的論點(diǎn)所在,前人的研究結(jié)果.但是如果你全部照抄,沒有用自己的話復(fù)述就是抄襲了.原則上允許一兩句是可以直接引用.不能過多.

    4.最后,將寫好的literature

    review再看一遍,看看是否符合邏輯.或者某些論點(diǎn)過少,可以再去相應(yīng)地找資料.

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